A
Absorption
The process of nutrients passing from the intestinal tract into the bloodstream to sustain the life processes. Nutritional deficiencies can be caused by nutrients not being absorbed properly.
Adrenal Gland
Grape-sized endocrine gland above each kidney that influences heart rate, blood pressure, hormone production, etc.
Aerobic Exercise
Physical exercise of prolonged duration (jogging, etc.) that is powered by the body's conversion of oxygen to energy, and that promotes cardiovascular fitness.
Age Spots or Lipofuscin
[Also called lipofuscin] The brown-colored material made of free-radical-damaged protein and fat that concentrates beneath the skin, in the muscles including the heart. It is found in the liver and other vital organs. Lipofuscin is particularly troublesome in brain tissue where it accumulates over a lifetime. In the brain, when the lipofuscin finally reaches a critical level in a neuron, the neuron dies.
Aging
Physiological functional decline over time, the effects of which can be positively influenced and in some instances prevented or reversed through proper nutrition, exercise, attitude, and stimulation.
Aging Clocks
Biological clocks, which if not reset, will follow genetically programmed instructions for controlling physiological events that produce the signs and symptoms associated with aging.
AIDS
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
Alpha Lipoic Acid
Coenzyme that works with other antioxidants.
Alzheimer's Disease
[also called Senile Dementia Alzheimer's Type: SDAT] A progressive disease characterized by loss of brain function, including impairment of memory, judgment, reasoning, speech, and socialization. Rarely striking before the age of 50, the progression of the disease takes from a few months to as much as five years before complete loss of cognitive function.
Amino Acids
Any of 22 nitrogen-containing organic compounds that are the building blocks for making proteins and growing muscle. Examples of amino acids includes Arginine, Ornithine, etc. Amino acids are classified as "essential" (which means the body cannot produce them and they must be obtained from a person's dietary intake) or "nonessential" (which means that a healthy body has the ability to produce some amount). "Nonessential" does not mean "unimportant." Most people who take supplements of the essential amino acids also take supplements of the nonessential amino acids. [Also see L-forms]
Anabolic
Referring to the "building up" of tissue, such as muscle growth. [See Metabolism]
Androgens
Hormones that stimulates male characteristics, such as the testosterone. Women also produce androgens in lesser quantities than men, and estrogens overshadow androgens in women.
Anemia
Lack of vitality, which may be caused by inadequate red blood cell function.
Anti-Aging
Strategies, programs, and supplements that reduce, prevent, and reverse the decline of physiological function.
Antioxidant
A nutrient or chemical that intercepts and neutralizes destructive free radicals. Antioxidants are sometimes called "free radical scavengers." Examples include dietary nutrients such as vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, some of the B vitamins, carotenes, the mineral selenium, as well as powerful enzymes such as Glutamine and other amino acids. Some antioxidants prevent the damage from starting, some stop the damage while it is occurring, and some facilitate repair after the damage has occurred. All antioxidants are anti-aging agents. [See Free Radicals]
Arginine [also L-Arginine]
An important anti-aging amino acid that fights cholesterol, promotes blood circulation in the brain, helps muscle growth, curbs appetite, and facilitates hormone production. The human body produces Arginine, and circulating levels can be increased through Arginine supplementation. [See L-form Amino Acids]
Ascorbic Acid [Vitamin C]
Powerful water-soluble antioxidant that strengthens the immune system and may help prevent disease (heart disease, cancer, etc.) caused by the damage of free radicals.
Aspirin [Salicyclic Acid]
Common pain reliever that, when taken in small doses, may prevent heart disease, stroke, etc. Note: daily aspirin consumption for persons taking vitamin E supplements may be problematic; check with your nutritionist or other health care provider.
Atherosclerosis
An advanced form of "hardening of the arteries" (arteriosclerosis). Cholesterol plaque builds up in the arteries and veins over time, dangerously blocking the flow of blood, and greatly increasing the risk of heart attack or stroke. [See Plaque]
Autoimmune Disorder
Any condition in which the immune system attacks the body's own tissues instead of defending them. Examples include diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis, etc.
B
B-Complex Vitamins
This family of vitamins includes B1 (Thiamin), B2 (Riboflavin), B3 (Niacin), B6 (Pyridoxine), B12 (Cyanocobalamin), and B13 (Oroic acid, Biotin, Choline, Folic acid, Inositol, and Para-aminobenzoic acid: PABA). These vitamins enable the body to convert carbohydrates to energy, promote red blood cell production, etc.
Beta-Carotene
A precursor form of vitamin A with powerful antioxidant properties. [See Carotenes]
Bioflavonoids
The group of antioxidant compounds found in nutritious plants that is vital to the metabolism of vitamin C and to the health of capillary walls in the circulatory system. Bioflavinoids have antiflammatory and antiviral qualities, and may be effective against heart disease and some forms of cancer.
Boron
Trace mineral that plays a role in the prevention of osteoporosis, memory loss, etc., and is important in the production of certain hormones such as estrogen and testosterone.
Branched Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)
Three amino acids (valine, isoleucine, and leucine) that are obtained through foods and supplementation, and that are involved in countering stress, increasing energy, and building muscle.
Bromelain
Enzyme in pineapple that promotes protein metabolism and helps fight inflammation.
C
Calcium
The mineral that is the primary material in bone structure. Note: Vitamin D facilitates calcium absorption.
Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels that allow the nutrients to enter the cells and metabolic wastes to be carried away from the cells. Capillaries have a diameter that is approximately the same as a single cell in the body.
Carbohydrates
Sugars and starches.
Cardiac
Pertaining to the heart.
Cardiopulmonary
Pertaining to the heart and lungs.
Cardiovascular
Pertaining to the heart and blood vessels.
Carnitine [also L-Carnitine]
Amino acid that has been shown to have a beneficial effect on the heart and muscles, improves stamina and endurance during exercise, and may promote fat burning.
Carotenes
Family of health-promoting hydrocarbons in fruits and vegetables that are dark green, red, orange, or yellow. The liver converts some carotenes to vitamin A. Other carotenes are antioxidants.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Condition where the large nerve is compressed that connects the wrist and hand, resulting in tingling or shooting pains and some degree of loss of finger function.
Cell
The building block of all living tissue, organs, and organisms. Cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane (also called cell wall). The human body has more than 100 trillion cells.
Cellulite
This is a cosmetic defect caused by the breakdown or thinning of connective structure beneath the surface of the skin in the upper compartment systems of fat tissue. In acute cases, cellulite is known as the "mattress phenomenon" with pitting, bulging, and deformation of the skin. Ninety to 98 percent of the cases occur in women, particularly women over age 35 and women who are obese.
Cellulose
A harmless no-calorie indigestible carbohydrate found in some fruits and vegetables, such as the white fiber found adjacent to the skin of an orange or grapefruit. Cellulose is often listed as an ingredient in "low-cal" and "diet" prepared packaged foods. Cellulose is excellent dietary fiber.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
The brain, spinal cord, and associated nerves.
Chlorella
A food supplement of single-cell aquatic plants that has the world's highest concentration of chlorophyll by dry weight.
Chlorophyll
The green-colored material in plants that converts sunlight and carbon dioxide into plant food and manufactures the oxygen in the air as a by-product. As a food supplement, chlorophyll has been shown to be effective in treating anemia, and is a factor in antibiotic and detoxification actions.
Cholesterol
A fat-soluble waxy substance made by the liver or obtained from dietary sources, that circulates in the bloodstream in association with protein lipoproteins. Low-density lipoproteins (LDL), also called "bad cholesterol," cause plaque buildup on the artery walls, while high-density lipoproteins (HDL) or "good cholesterol" clean the arteries of plaque. A favorable cholesterol profile of more HDL and less LDL is the result of healthy diet and proper exercise.
Choline
Member of the vitamin B complex family, essential for neurotransmitter production and may counter the effects of age-related memory loss, etc. Acetylcholine is one form of choline that is essential for nerve function.
Chromium
Mineral that the body needs to stabilize blood sugar, regulate insulin, etc.
Circulating Levels
Levels of substances such as nutrients, hormones, etc., that are circulating in the bloodstream and available to the cells, tissues, and organs.
Circulatory System
Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10 also called Ubiquinone)
A vitamin-like compound that is widely found in plant and animal cells, and that studies have shown may play a role in preventing heart disease. CoQ10 resembles a fat, behaves like an enzyme, and functions like a vitamin.
Cofactor
A substance that works with another substance to produce an effect, such as a coenzyme. Also, a condition (for example, being overweight) that works with a another condition (for example, smoking) to produce a synergistic effect (in this case, increased risk of heart attack).
Contraindication
Condition or situation that makes a treatment or procedure inadvisable.
Control Group
In clinical testing, researchers collect individuals with similar characteristics and conditions and divide them into two groups for observation: the experimental group that receives the factor being studied (such as a new drug or supplement dose) and the control group that does not receive the factor being studied. [See Double Blind Study]
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
Brain disorder commonly known as "mad cow" disease in Britain.
Cyanocobalamin, Cobalamin (vitamin B12)
Plays a role in maintaining a healthy nervous system, preventing anemia and controlling homocysteine levels.
Cycling
Term used to describe strategies for boosting nutrient levels without adversely effecting the body's ability to synthesize key substances. For example, a bodybuilder might supplement with an amino acid at high intake levels for a few days (the "loading" phase), then take a lower dose for a longer period of time ("maintenance" phase), then stop taking the specific supplement altogether for a period of time ("cycling") to restore the body's ability to produce the amino acid naturally.
D
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
This powerful hormone is produced by the adrenal gland and plays a role in the regulation and production of other hormones including testosterone and estrogen. DHEA appears to facilitate improved cholesterol profiles, loss of body fat, increased muscle gain, etc.
Dementia
Impaired intellectual function that results in loss of memory, language skills, motor skills, orientation, perception, reasoning, and personality.
Diabetes
This is the most common of the serious metabolic diseases in humans. Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that is characterized by elevated blood glucose levels and increased risk of atherosclerosis, kidney disease, and loss of nerve function. The two main types are Type 1 (also called Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: IDDM), which initially occurs to juveniles, and Type 2 (Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus: NIDDM), which has an adult onset that is related to dietary factors, stress, and environmental factors. An estimated 90 percent of Type 2 diabetics are obese.
DIM
Diindolylmethane, or DIM for short, is a plant indole—a plant compound with health-promoting properties.
Diuretic
Causing mild to excessive loss of water through urination; coffee and alcohol are diuretics that can lead to dehydration.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid, found in every cell nucleus, contains the genetic blueprint for the entire organism. Free radical oxidants cause damage to DNA, and everything else in the body. Many researchers recognize a powerful link between free-radical-damage to DNA and cancer, aging, etc.
Double-Blind Study
A research methodology used by scientists where neither the researchers (for example, doctors) nor the subjects (for example, patients) know which subjects have been given the substance being studied (for example, medicine) and which have been given an inert substance (placebo). Double-blind studies are used to develop statistics that measure the success of treatments.
E
Electrolytes
Salts dissolved in the body's fluid, so named because they are capable of carrying electrical signals. Electrolytes are necessary to transport minerals in the body, and prevent dehydration.
Endocrine System
System of glands that secrete hormones and other chemical messengers into the bloodstream. Endocrine glands include the ovaries, testes, pancreas, pituitary, thyroid, thymus, and adrenal glands.
Enzymes
Very large proteins that initiate or speed specific chemical reactions to form other substances. Enzymes usually are not altered or destroyed in the chemical reactions they initiate.
Ergogenic
Causing or related to enhanced performance, for example, in competitive sports.
Essential Amino Acids
The eleven amino acids that are only available from foods and food supplements, because the body is not capable of manufacturing them.
Estrogens
Hormones (such as estrone, estradiol, and estriol) that promote female characteristics. Men also produce small amounts of estrogens, as well as much greater amounts of androgens.
F
Fat, Body
When the body stores energy as fat or "adipose" tissue, the stored material is less active metabolically than muscle or other types of tissue. "Body Fat Mass" refers to the total adipose tissue in the body, as opposed to "Lean Body Mass" (lean muscle, bones, and vital organs). As people age, there is a hormone-triggered tendency to progressively lose lean-muscle and increase body-fat mass, even if their total weight remains constant. Over the years, the adipose tissue concentrates around the waist and hips. The results are potentially disastrous: greater risks of obesity, adult-onset diabetes, heart attack, etc. Preventing or reversing the loss-of-muscle-mass/gain-of-body-fat trend is a crucial part of every effective anti-aging program.
Fat, Circulating
In the human body, triglycerides (fat) circulating in the blood serves several valuable functions including acting as structural components in cell membranes, supplying chemical substrates for hormone production, etc.
Fat, Dietary
In dietary terms, fat refers to one of the three macronutrient groups: carbohydrates, protein and fat. Also referred to as lipids or triglycerides, dietary fats are include "good" (unsaturated) and "bad" (saturated) fat.
Fat-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamins A, D, E, and K only dissolve in fat tissues and the liver, and thus stay in the body longer than water-soluble vitamins.
Fatty Acid
Any of the organic acids from which fats and oils are produced in the body.
FDA
The U.S. Government's Food and Drug Administration. [See RDAs and GRAS]
Folic Acid
B vitamin that plays a role in the production of nucleic acids, red blood cells, etc.
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that influences growth and function of the ovaries and testes.
Free Radical
Destructive and unstable oxygen atom or a reactive molecule with a "free" (unpaired) electron. Free radicals are believed to cause aging, cancer, cardiovascular disease, etc. Some free radicals are produced as a normal part of metabolism in the cell's mitochondria. Additional free radicals are also produced by the effects on the body of stress, exposure to ultraviolet rays of the sun, tobacco smoking and second-hand smoke, environmental pollution, exposure to radiation, etc. Free radicals are formed when food is cooked in heated fats and oils. [See Antioxidants]
Free Radical Reaction
When a free-radical-molecule steals an electron from another molecule, the other molecule becomes a free radical itself and the process repeats, often until the chain reaction is stopped by an antioxidant.
Free Radical Scavenger
A substance that removes or destroys free radicals. [See Antioxidants]
G
Gamma Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
An amino acid produced in the brain that effects nerve function, calms aggressiveness, prevents insomnia, reduces blood pressure, helps control hypoglycemia, and curbs appetite.
Gastrointestinal
Pertaining to the stomach, small intestines, large intestines, colon, and rectum as well as the liver, pancreas, and gall bladder.
Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS)
FDA designation of the safety of a substance, often referred to as the "GRAS List." Substances that are not included in the GRAS List are either unsafe or their safety has not yet been determined.
GSH
Abbreviation for a reduced form of Glutathione, a powerful antioxidant found abundantly in the human body.
Ginkgo Biloba
Tree with leaves rich in antioxidants that researchers believe improves circulation and enhances energy.
Ginseng
Plant root with antioxidant capabilities that promotes vitality and may have value in the body's response to stress, etc.
Gland
Organ or tissue that secretes a substance that is transported elsewhere in the body to effect the functioning of another organ, gland, or tissue.
Glucose
Sugar that occurs naturally in blood, and in grapes and corn sugars. Glucose levels rise immediately after consuming sweet treats. Glucose levels tend to rise with age, apparently caused by unhealthy diet and sedentary lifestyle.
Glutamine
One of the most common amino acids in the body that plays an important role in several metabolic functions.
Gonad
A testicle (male) or ovary (female).
Gonadotrophin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that stimulates production of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) by the pituitary gland, that stimulates sex hormone production.
Green Tea
Rich source of compounds that appear to reduce cholesterol and prevent heart disease.
Growth Factors
Like hormones, growth factors influence the functions of the body. Almost all tissues manufacture growth factors.
Growth Hormone (GH)
An amino-acid based substance secreted by the pituitary gland that promotes cell growth and maintenance, stimulates the immune system, etc. [See Human Growth Hormone]
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH)
Hormone produced in the hypothalamus that promotes production of Human Growth Hormone. [See Human Growth Hormone]
H
Half-Life
The amount of time a substance (hormone, medication, etc.) in the body takes until one-half its initial concentration has been metabolized or eliminated.
Heavy Metal
A category of elements that includes highly toxic metals such as arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury.
High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
"Good" cholesterol, a fat-transporting fraction of blood associated with reduced risk of heart disease and reduced risk of cancer.
Hippocampus
Brain structure involved in memory functions.
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus, which causes AIDS.
Hormone
A chemical messenger produced by one of the endocrine glands, such as Human Growth Hormone, Testosterone, or Insulin.
Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)
A program of subsidizing the body's supply of hormones with additional hormones in order to restore vitality. The most common HRT involves estrogen replacement for menopausal women. Increasingly, anti-aging researchers are exploring HRT programs involving HGH, DHEA, testosterone, and other important hormones that are produced inadequately in the bodies of elderly people.
Human Growth Hormone (HGH)
Also called Somatotropin, HGH is a protein-like hormone that many researchers believe has greater capacity to prevent and reverse aging than any other substance. Under a physician's care, HGH replacement therapy is administered with daily injections. Alternatively or in addition, HGH releasers are widely available without prescription, including arginine, ornithine, and other amino acids taken orally as supplements.
Hyaluronate
A salt or ester of hyaluronic acid. It is also known as hyalurate.
Hyaluronate Lyase
Mucinase or spreading factor, an enzyme that acts on chondroitin. Related to Hyaluronic acid.
Hyaluronic
A refers to a class of biochemicals including Hyaluronic Acid, Hyaluronic Acid Synthetase, Hyaluronic Lyase, Hyaluronate and Hyaluronate Lyase.
Hyaluronic Acid
A gel-like aminoglycan that is found in the tissue space, the synovial fluid of joints, and the vitreous humor of the eyes and acts as a binding, lubricating, and protective agent.
Hyaluronic Acid Synthetase
An enzyme Incorporation of glucuronic acid into hyaluronic acid from udp-glucuronic acid in the presence of udp-n-acetylglucosamine.
Hyaluronic Lyase
Mucinase or spreading factor, an enzyme that acts on chondroitin. Related to Hyaluronic acid.
Hypertension
High blood pressure, generally defined as a regular resting blood pressure greater than 140 / 90.
Hypothalamus
Part of the brain that regulates metabolic processes and regulates body temperature, emotions, hunger sensations, etc. The hypothalamus strongly influences the pituitary gland.
I
Immune System
The complex network of specialized organs, glands, and cells that, when working properly, protect the body from pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, cancer cells, and atherosclerotic plaques. Specialized white blood cells (T-cells, B-cells) are the body's main defense against many pathogens. The immune system also includes the thymus gland, lymphatic system, spleen, and bone marrow.
Inositol
A vitamin that has a calming effect, helps reduce cholesterol, and facilitates hair growth.
Insulin
A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that converts sugar (glucose) and other carbohydrates into energy.
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF)
Human Growth Hormone (HGH) stimulates production in the liver of IGF-1 (also called somatomedin-C) and other growth factors that profoundly influence the body. Anti-aging researchers are conducting intensive studies of IGF in conjunction with Hormone Replacement Therapies and related anti-aging programs.
International Units (IU)
An internationally accepted measure of potency (instead of weight or volume) that is used for measuring supplements such as Vitamin A, Vitamin E, etc.
Intramuscular
Administration of a medicine by injection in the muscle mass.
Intravenous (IV)
Administration of a medicine by injection in the body's circulatory system.
Iodine
Mineral that the body needs to promote the health of the thyroid gland.
Iron
Mineral that the body needs for the metabolism of B-complex vitamins and to prevent fatigue. Note: Excess iron may be a strong catalyst for free radical production and may contribute to plaque deposits in blood vessels.
L
L-form Amino Acids
Amino acids occur in D and L forms. The D form rotates light to the right, while the L form rotates to the left. Amino acids can also occur in DL configuration with a mixture of D and L forms. Research has shown that the L-forms of amino acids are preferable: L-Arginine, L-Carnitine, L-Glutamine, L-Lysine, L-Ornithine, etc.
Libido
Desire for sexual activity.
Lipid
Fats and oils.
Lipofuscin
[Also called lipofuscin] The brown-colored material made of free-radical-damaged protein and fat that concentrates beneath the skin, in the muscles including the heart. It is found in the liver and other vital organs. Lipofuscin is particularly troublesome in brain tissue where it accumulates over a lifetime. In the brain, when the lipofuscin finally reaches a critical level in a neuron, the neuron dies.
Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
"Bad" cholesterol, associated with increased risk of heart disease and possibly cancer.
Lymph
A biological liquid that baths cells and tissue with disease-fighting and infection-fighting white blood cells, conveyed through the lymphatic network of lymph nodes and vessels, eventually returning to the bloodstream. With advancing age, the vitality of the lymphatic network declines.
Lysine
Essential amino acid involved in tissue repair, enzyme production, growth, and the immune system.
M
Magnesium
Mineral that the body needs to manufacture proteins, produce energy, strengthen bones, etc.
Manganese
Mineral that the body needs to manufacture and maintain cartilage in the joints.
Melatonin
Hormone secreted by the brain during sleep that appears to play a role in establishing normal body rhythms, etc. Melatonin seems sensitive to the amount and timing of the body's exposure to light, reflective of the time of day and seasonal changes. The decline of melatonin production with age may have a causal effect on the entire endocrine system. [See Pineal Gland]
Menopause
The cessation of menstruation, caused by the rapid decline in body's production of estrogen and progesterone. Menopause usually occurs in women after the age of 45 or following the surgical removal of female reproductive organs. Men experience a comparable "change of life" but the decline in production of testosterone, HGH, DHEA and other hormones is more gradual. Some researchers have suggested that males experience "male menopause," "andropause," etc.
Metabolism
The vital processes by which living cells grow and are maintained. The biochemical metabolism of protein differs from the biochemical metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, etc. Metabolism involves a constructive phase (termed "anabolism") and the destructive phase ("catabolism").
Metabolite
Substance produced by means of a metabolic process.
Microgram (mcg)
Measurement of weight equal to 1/1,000th (one thousandth) of a milligram, or expressed another way: a microgram is equal to 1/1,000,000th (one millionth) of a gram.
Milligram (mg)
Measurement of weight equal to 1/1,000th (one thousandth) of a gram.
Mineral
An inorganic substance ("inorganic" means without a carbon atom) found in nature that is required in small quantities for life and that is acquired through the diet, such as the minerals calcium, chromium, zinc, etc.
Mitochondria
These "power plants" within living cells are very small structures that use free radicals as an essential part of mitochondrial oxidation: releasing energy from food, neutralizing toxins, etc. Free radicals are dangerous if they are not contained within the mitochondria's control systems.
Molecule
A group of atoms joined by chemical bonds.
N
NADH
NADH stands for the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and is a potent antioxidant; stimulates the production of dopamine, adrenaline and norepinephrine; may protect the liver from alcohol; protects testosterone production in males who drink alcohol; inhibits dopamine auto-oxidation; lowers cholesterol; lowers blood pressure; and is necessary for the production of ATP.
Nanogram (ng)
Measurement of weight equal to 1/1,000,000,000th (one billionth) of a gram.
Neurotransmitter
Substance made of amino acids and peptides that acts as "switches" to transmit nerve impulses across the synapse separating one neuron from another.
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Vitamin that plays a role in lowering cholesterol, increasing energy production, nurturing healthy skin, etc.
Nonessential Amino Acids
Amino acids that can be manufactured in a healthy body from the essential amino acids obtained through diet. [See Amino Acids]
Nucleic Acids
Large complex molecules found in all animals and plants, principally having one of two forms: DNA and RNA. [See DNA and RNA]
Nutrient
Substance needed to maintain life and health.
O
Obesity
The simplest definition is excessive amount of body fat, measured as greater than 25 percent body fat for men and greater than 30 percent body fat for women. Expressed another way, obesity is greater than 10 percent above "normal" weight for a man or woman's height. Obesity is associated with increased risk of adult-onset diabetes, heart disease, and other potentially life-threatening conditions.
Optimal Daily Allowances (ODAs)
Each health-interested individual should seek to establish Optimal Daily Allowances for nutrients according to the individual's weight, age, health, absorption factors, exercise program, personal goals, etc. based on information that includes scientific and medical research, the advice of nutritions and other health care professionals, etc.
Ornithine (L-Ornithine)
[Also called L-Ornithine.] An important anti-aging amino acid that promotes growth and is a precursor of arginine. Arginine and ornithine are closely related. While arginine is incorporated into body proteins, ornithine is a tool used to make those proteins. The body converts arginine supplements into ornithine, and can convert ornithine supplements into arginine if needed.
Osteoporosis
The gradual loss of bone mineral content, which increases the risk of fracture and slows healing after fracture. Osteoporosis is common, for example, in older women following menopause. The loss of bone mineral can be influenced by diet and exercise.
Ovaries
Paired female reproductive glands that produce eggs, female sex hormones, and (in lesser quantities) male sex hormones.
P
Pancreas
This important gland performs two quite different functions. The part of the pancreas called the islets of Langerhans secretes insulin, which is vital to glucose metabolism to produce energy. The other key function of the pancreas is the production of digestive enzymes.
Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)
Antioxidant vitamin that appears to contribute to energy enhancement, hormone production, anti-stress responses, etc.
Parkinson's Disease
A chronic disease of the central nervous system, having symptoms that include muscular tremors and weakness. Parkensin patients have an impaired ability to produce Dopamine. There may be an environmental toxin link to the impairment of the Dopamine producing neurons. Certain individuals appear to be genetically vounerable to environmental toxins because their cellular detoxification systems are not working effectively.
Pathogen
Disease-causing microbes (virus or bacteria "germs") or other agents.
Peptide
Link between two amino acids; peptide also refers to the resulting chain of two or more amino acids.
Phosphatidylserine
This unique molecule is found throughout the human body, and is concentrated in the brain. In particular, PS is most concentrated in the membranes of brain cells, facilitating the free flow of nutrients to the brain cells and the removal of metabolic byproducts. PS is critical to the exchange of information across syaptic gap from one cell to another, and in the production and release of neurotransmitters. Therefore, PS is essential for effective memory and overall brain health.
Picogram
Measurement of weight equal to 1/1,000,000,000,000th (one trillionth) of a gram.
Pineal Gland
A cone-shaped pea-size structure in mid-brain that produces melatonin. [See Melatonin]
Pituitary
Small gland at the base of the brain that responds to chemical signals from the hypothalamus region of the brain, and secretes several key hormones. Some researchers believe that the pituitary may contain an "aging clock" that can be reset through supplementation and hormone replacement therapy. [See Aging Clock]
Plaque
Unwanted buildup of substance on tissues, often increasing the risk of disease. Cholesterol plaque is made from cholesterol, fibrous protein, metabolic wastes, heavy metals, and toxins. The buildup of cholesterol plaque on the walls of the arteries and veins can result in atherosclerosis, subsequently reducing blood flow, and increasing the risk of heart attack and stroke. Plaque also builds up on nerve tissue, impairing function.
Precursor
Refers to the previous state in a chain of events. For example, to use an analogy, flour is a precursor of bread.
Pregnenolone
Hormone made in the brain and other organs especially the adrenal glands. Pregnenolone itself can be metabolized into DHEA and progesterone. Pregnenolone is being studied for memory enhancing properties and is being used clinically in older patients with depression and "age associated memory Impairment." Pregnenolone may be a critical tool for the maintenance of cognitive function for older adults.
Progesterone
One of the female hormones that the ovaries produce.
Protein
In humans, protein is a chain of fifty or more amino acids arranged in a unique sequence. Proteins are manufactured from amino acids that the body produces or that are obtained from dietary sources. Proteins are the basic component of all animal and vegetable tissues.
Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)
Cofactor in many cellular reactions, that aids in the metabolism of amino acids, etc. Note: Toxic in high doses; consult your nutritionist or health care professional.
R
Receptors
Sites on the outside of cells where messenger molecules such as hormones attach themselves to the cell.
Recommended Daily Allowances (RDAs)
The F.D.A.'s suggestions for the minimal amount of nutrients that should be eaten each day to prevent nutrition-deficiency conditions and diseases. The RDAs are averages for the entire population without adjustment for size (85 lbs. versus 285 lbs.), general health, medical condition, exercise activity levels, lifestyle, individual requirements, etc. In addition, instead of basing the RDAs on scientific research of optimal health, the FDA bases them on calculations of slightly above the averages of what most Americans routinely eat. [See instead: Optimal Daily Allowances]
Red Blood Cell
Cells that transport oxygen from the lungs to the cells and carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs. The red color is caused by hemoglobin.
Renal
Pertaining to the kidneys.
Replacement Therapy
Anti-aging therapy based on restoring key hormone levels (Estrogen, Testosterone, HGH, DHEA, etc.) to youthful levels, by means of physician-supervised injections or other means of administration. An alternative approach is to take key supplements (precursors, releasers, etc.) in sufficient quantity to stimulate increased production by the human body and prevent or reverse the effects of advancing age.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Chronic condition that has the symptoms of severe joint pain, stiffness, and inflammation, with fatigue, weakness, and low-grade fever. Female patients outnumber males 3:1. The causes are not known, but may be related to genetic susceptibility, nutritional factors, food allergies, and lifestyle issues.
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Antioxidant vitamin that plays a role in metabolizing carbohydrates, fats, and proteins for energy, as well as enhancing immune functions.
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid)
A complex protein that copies instructions for new protein production from the DNA genetic blueprints in the cell's nucleus, and carries those instructions to the cell's polyribosomes, where the new proteins are produced from materials available.
S
SecretaGain
SecretaGain is a secretagogue that contains two complexes: SOMATROLINE ™ complex in SecretaGain increases the release of GH-RH, Growth Hormone and IGF-1. ADRENAVOL ™ complex reduces the secretion of Somatostatin, the inhibitor of the release of growth hormone, and increases cAMP to influence GH-RH and hGH
Selenium
An antioxidant trace mineral that is a cofactor in several biochemical functions.
Senility
Loss of mental faculties, typically associated with advanced aging.
Serum
The clear fluid portion of the blood, separated from its solid elements.
Somatomedin
Insulin-like Growth Factor (IGF).
Somatotropin
Human Growth Hormone.
Spirulina
An antioxidant food supplement of algae that is rich in chlorophyll, beta-carotene, B12, iron, etc.
Steroid
Any of a group of fat-soluble organic compounds including hormones, drugs, and other substances such as cholesterol.
Stress
Any physical, mental, emotional, social, financial, surgical, illness-related, or injury-related factor that necessitates a bodily response or change. Prolonged intensive stress typically brings about profound changes in body function that typically have an adverse effect on health and increase the risk of disease and death.
Stroke
Breakage or clogging of a blood vessel in the brain, often with tragic results, depending on the location of the ruptured or clogged vessel and other factors. If the condition continues for several minutes or longer, the result may be brain damage or death.
Sublingual
Administration of supplements or medicines intended to rapidly enter the bloodstream by being placed and held "under the tongue."
Subdermal (also Subcutaneous)
Administration of substances under the skin through injection or placement of a longer-term dispensing implant device.
Synapse
The very small space between neurons that conveys the electrochemical sparks of neurotransmission in the nervous system.
Systemic
Throughout the entire body.
T
Testes
Endocrine glands located in the scrotum at the base of the male torso that produce sperm, male sex hormones, and (in lesser quantities) female sex hormones.
Testosterone
The primary male sex hormone that is the key to sexual development and growth.
Thermogenic
Fat-burning.
Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Vitamin that plays a role in the normal functioning of the nervous system, heart, and muscles.
Thymus
The immune system's master gland, located in the chest, that controls T-cell production and maturity and identifies what the immune system's targets should be. [See White Blood Cells] After young adulthood, the thymus gland shrinks in size and the immune system declines. According to some researchers, the shrinking and functional decline of the thymus can be somewhat prevented or even reversed with adequate dietary intake of vitamins A, C, E, the amino acid cysteine, and the minerals zinc and selenium. [Reference: Pearson and Shaw's book entitled Life Extension, page 82]
Thyroid
Butterfly-shaped gland in the neck that controls the rates of chemical changes throughout the body by means of the hormone thyroxine, which requires iodine to function properly.
Toxin
Poison.
Toxicity Level
Dosage at which substances have a poisonous effect, varying from a mild effect (headhache, diarrhea, etc.) to life-threatening situations.
Triglycerides
Fat in the blood.
U
Ultimate HGH
Powerful GH releaser.
V
Vanadium
Trace mineral that plays a role in cellular growth and repair.
Vitamins
Any of a group of approximately fifteen organic compounds that are essential in small quantities for life and health. Most vitamins cannot be synthesized by the body and must be provided through dietary sources.
Vitamin A
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)
Vitamin B3 (Niacin, Niacinamide, Inositaol Hexaniacinate)
Vitamin B 5 (Pantothinic Acid, Pantethine)
Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin, Cobalamin)
Other B vitimins
Biotin
PABA (para aminobenzoic acid)
Choline and Phosphatidylcholine
Inosital
Vitamin C -Ascorbic Acid (water soluable), Ascorbyl Palmitate (fat soluble form)
Vitamin D
Vitamin E (Alpha-tocopherol)
Vitamin K
Folic Acid (Folate, Folacin, Pteroylmonoglutamate)
Vitamin K
Vitamin that strengthens the arterial walls, which reduces the risk of stroke.
Vitamin C
Powerful water-soluble antioxidant that strengthens the immune system and may help prevent diseases (heart disease, cancer, cataracts, etc.) caused by the damage of free radicals.
Vitamin A
Fat-soluble vitamin that is a powerful antioxidant, which is most effective when taken with zinc and beta-carotene (another form of vitamin A).
Vitamin E
Powerful fat-soluble antioxidant that protects the brain's neurons from free radical damage and can reverse damaged neurotransmitter sites. Vitamin E is also reported to prolong the vitality of red blood cells.
W
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Vitamins such as C and the B-complex vitamins that dissolve in water and require replenishing frequently because they are more readily eliminated from the body than fat-soluble vitamins.
White Blood Cells
Cells in the blood that fight infections and facilitate repairs of injury or wound. White blood cells include B-cells that make antibodies and T-cells that kill and consume invaders (bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells). T-cells also serve as situational managers to control the function of other T-cells and B-cells.
Z
Zinc
Mineral that the body needs to aid in the contraction of muscles.
